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    湿式氨燃烧技术研究进展

    Research Progress on Wet Ammonia Combustion Technology

    • 摘要: 氨作为无碳燃料在低碳能源转型中备受关注,但其高NOx排放制约了工业应用。湿式燃烧技术通过引入蒸汽降低燃烧温度并优化氮转化路径,有效抑制NOx生成,同时增加工质流量以提升系统效率,是解决该难题的潜在技术路径。本文围绕湿式氨燃烧领域,系统总结并展望了燃烧系统、燃烧技术及化学动力学研究进展。目前开发的湿式氨燃烧系统包括蒸汽回注、化学回热与湿化联合循环及湿化富燃氨−氢燃气轮机,功率覆盖千瓦至兆瓦级;与富氧燃烧深度耦合有望进一步突破效率瓶颈。燃烧器结构多采用旋流技术,并协同中度或强烈低氧稀释(MILD)与富燃−淬熄−贫燃(RQL)分级燃烧调控NOx生成;结合氨部分裂解与蒸汽稀释,可使NOx和NH3排放均低于100 ppm(百万分之一,体积分数),甚至实现NO近零排放。未来宜推动多孔介质燃烧器的应用以提升蒸汽稀释下的燃烧稳定性。动力学研究表明,蒸汽稀释会降低层流火焰速度,其物理效应占主导;未来需拓展动力学模型适用的温阈与压力条件,完善点火延迟时间测量与模型优化。

       

      Abstract: Ammonia, as a carbon-free fuel, has attracted considerable attention in the low-carbon energy transition. However, high NOx emissions during combustion constrain its industrial application. Wet combustion technology introduces steam into the combustion zone to lower the flame temperature and optimize nitrogen-conversion pathways. It can effectively suppress NOx formation while increasing the mass flow rate of the working fluid to improve the efficiency of power-generation systems, representing a promising technological pathway for addressing NOx emission challenges. This review summarizes recent advances in wet ammonia combustion from three aspects: combustion systems, combustion technologies, and chemical kinetics, and also discusses future perspectives. The wet ammonia combustion systems developed so far mainly include steam injection (STIG), chemical recuperation and humidified combined cycle technology (CHGT), and humidified rich-burn ammonia-hydrogen gas turbines, with power ratings ranging from the kilowatt-scale to the megawatt-scale. In the pure ammonia-fueled micro-gas turbine, the STIG cycle can improve electrical efficiency by 15%. In the CHGT cycle, partially cracked ammonia can achieve a net electrical efficiency of 56.7%, which is 20.6 percentage points higher than that of the dry Brayton cycle in absolute terms and comparable to that of conventional natural gas combined cycles. Deep integration of wet ammonia-fired power systems with oxy-fuel combustion technology is expected to further overcome efficiency bottlenecks. Wet ammonia combustor structures mainly adopt swirl combustion technology, which can be synergistically combined with MILD (moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution) combustion and RQL (rich-quench-lean) staged combustion to regulate NOx formation and reduce NOx emissions to relatively low levels. Combined with partial ammonia cracking and steam dilution, both NOx and NH3 emissions can be kept below 100 ppm under near-stoichiometric conditions, and even near-zero NO emissions can be achieved. Currently, wet ammonia combustion technology has been experimentally validated at the 10-kW scale. To further increase power ratings and improve stability under high steam dilution conditions, future efforts could focus on promoting the application of wet ammonia combustion technology in porous-media burners. Kinetic studies have mainly focused on the effects of steam dilution on flame-propagation characteristics and NOx emissions in pure ammonia, hydrogen-blended ammonia, and carbon-based fuel-blended ammonia. Steam dilution generally reduces the laminar flame speed but has no significant effect on the equivalence ratio at which the peak flame speed occurs. The temperature regime affects the inhibitory effect of steam dilution on NO emissions, and water addition may promote NO generation at intermediate-to-high temperatures. Decoupling the physical and chemical effects of water vapor is key to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of steam dilution, with physical effects playing a dominant role. Kinetic models applicable to wet conditions currently focus on laminar flame speed and species distribution during oxidation at intermediate-to-low temperatures. Future work needs to extend the applicable temperature and pressure ranges of kinetic models, and improve ignition delay-time measurements and model optimization.

       

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