Abstract:In the context of carbon neutrality and energy transition, the global scale-up and deployment of new energy vehicles (NEVs) are accelerating in both quality and pace. Among the critical power sources for NEVs, lithium-ion batteries for propulsion stand out as a key component. However, the management of end-of-life batteries, due to degradation, poses emerging challenges. Simultaneously, in alignment with the strategic objectives of "carbon peak and neutrality", the recyclability of waste materials has attracted widespread interest. Despite this, the recycling of certain biomass wastes, such as bamboo powder, kitchen and fruit waste, bagasse, tea leaves, and coffee grounds, faces numerous obstacles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of various waste materials in the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, encompassing reaction mechanisms, pathways, and their value in applications. Specifically, straw is predominantly used as a reducing agent in acid leaching systems, for the production of biochar, and for the generation of reducing gases. Kitchen waste, exemplified by orange peels, is primarily utilized for the preparation of citric acid, serving as both leaching and reducing agents. Bagasse is mainly employed for the production of glucose as a reducing agent and for the generation of reducing gases. Tea residues utilize their polyphenolic content to reduce metals within lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, biomass generates a significant amount of reductive gases during the calcination process, which can enhance the efficiency of reactions by introducing gas-solid interactions into the calcination system. Additionally, the introduction of biochar can effectively reduce carbon emissions in the production process, thus endowing biomass with unique advantages as a reducing agent in calcination. The extraction of reductive substances or organic acids from biomass can serve as alternatives to environmentally unfriendly reducing agents, such as sodium thiosulfate or inorganic acids, used in hydrometallurgical reduction processes, thereby mitigating the potential environmental impact associated with the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. The method of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries using waste materials circumvents the costs and environmental hazards associated with biomass recycling processes and offers a viable strategy for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, thereby holding substantial practical value. Based on state-of-the-art research, this paper evaluates various approaches to recycling lithium-ion batteries from waste and provides perspectives and recommendations on the application of different types of waste in the recycling process. The paper also discusses the limitations and countermeasures of using biomass waste in lithium-ion battery recycling, contributing to a novel perspective on the organic integration of the waste resource industry with the lithium-ion battery recycling sector. Close-